Basic Computer Fundamentals

Presentation Aâ computerâ is an electronic machine, working heavily influenced by directions put away in its own memory, that can acknowledge information, control the information as indicated by determined guidelines, produce results, and store the outcomes for sometime later. PCs process information to make data. Dataâ is an assortment of crude natural realities, figures, and images. Informationâ is information that is sorted out, important, and valuable. To process information into data, a PC utilizes equipment and programming. Hardwareâ is the electric, electronic, and mechanical gear that makes up a computer.Software is the arrangement of guidelines that advises the equipment how to perform undertakings. Attributes of Computers 1> Automatic: Requires human mediation to begin any errand, tackle issue however once started, it proceeds with the activity until its finished. 2> Speed: as far as microseconds (10 force - 6), nanoseconds(10 power - 9), and even picoseconds ( 10 force - 12). An incredible PC is fit for playing out a few billions straightforward number juggling activities every second. Constrained by equipment and programming assets. 3> Accuracy: trash in-trash out (GIGO).E. g. Human information blunder, software engineer rationale mistake. 4> Diligence: Unlike people, a PC is liberated from repetitiveness, tiredness, and absence of focus. 5> Versatility: Can play out various undertakings at same time. Constrained by equipment and programming assets. 6> Power of Remembering: As long as client wants, it can store any sum and sort of data. Restricted by equipment and programming assets. No IQ: Cannot settle on choices until trained. Can't learn all alone. No Feelings: No feelings, no taste, no information. Guidelines are required. 1. Advancement of Computers Necessity is the mother of innovation then who is the dad? †Curiosity, Vision, Idea 1642: Pascal concocted first mechanical calculator 1671: Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz first mini-computer for duplication 1880: Keyboards and Herman Hollerith utilized punch cards as info gadgets nineteenth century: Charles Babbage, father of current computerized PC, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine 1. The Mark I Computer (1937-44) 2. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) 3. The ENIAC (1943-46) 4. The EDVAC (1946-52 5. The EDSAC (1947-49) . The UNIVAC I (1951) 1. 3 Computer Generations Overview of the significant turns of events and advances during the five ages of PCs which incorporate both equipment and programming that together make up a PC framework. 1. 3. 1 First Generation (1942-1955): †Used vacuum tubes(glass), performed counts in milliseconds - Memory electromagnetic transfers, Data and Instructions utilizing Punch Card, Assembly Language Programming Characteristics: Bulky in size, a great many vacuum tubes, consistent upkeep, exorbitant, all circuits were man-made. . g. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, and IBM 701 1. 3. 2 Second Generation (1955-1964): †Used transistor, Germanium semiconductor, attractive circles and tapes, attractive center memory †quicker, little in size, minimal effort, devour less force †High level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL 1. 3. 3 Third Generation (1964-1975): - Integrated Circuits(IC) comprises of transistors, resistors, capacitors, SSI(Small Scale Integration), MSI †all the more quick, performed one million directions for every second - low space, progressively solid, less force utilization e. . Smaller than expected PCs and Mainframe PCs 1. 3. 4 Fourth Generation (1975-1989): †PC, IC-LSI, VLSI †one million electronic parts on a solitary chip. Semiconductor recollections †less force, all the more quick, little in size †Magnetic tapes, floppy circles, LAN, WAN, GUI, MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh 1. 3. 5 Fifth Generation (1989-Present): †VLSI and ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) †Microprocessor chips: 10 millions ele ctronic segments Small, a lot quicker, less force, versatile, web, www, email 1. 4 Block Diagram of Computer 1. 4. 1 Input Unit: †Accept information and Instructions †Convert into computerized structure with the goal that PC can acknowledge and additionally preparing should be possible e. g. Mouse, Keyboard, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner, Touch Screen 1. 4. 2 Storage Unit: The capacity unit plays out the accompanying significant capacities: †¢ All information and guidelines are put away here when handling. †¢ Intermediate aftereffects of preparing are likewise put away here. > Primary Storage(Main Memory): †This memory is commonly used to hold the program being at present executed in the PC, the information being gotten from the info unit, the middle of the road and conclusive outcomes of the program. - Temporary in nature, I. e. unpredictable memory - quick and cost is high than auxiliary stockpiling - e. g. Irregular Access Memory(RAM) 2> Secondary St orage/External Memory(Secondary Memory): †Long term/perpetual capacity of information. - slow and cost is low than essential memory - e. g.Floppy Disk(FDD),Hard plate drive(HDD), Compact Disk(CD), Digital Versatile/Video Disk, USB Drive, SDD 1. 4. 3 Memory size: - Digital Computer utilizes the Binary System I. e. 0's and 1's †Each character or a number is spoken to by a 8 piece code. - 1 piece = either 0 or 1 †4 bits= 1 snack and 8 bits= 1 byte 1. 4. 4 Output Unit: †Any fringe gadgets that changes over the put away double coded information into helpful outside structures as writings, pictures, sound †e. g. Screen, CD, Printer, Speaker, Head telephones, plotter, projector 1. 4. 5 Arithmetic Logical Unit: All calculations(arithmetical +-x/), comparison(<,>,=) and choices †Whenever counts are required, the control unit moves the information from capacity unit to ALU once the calculations are done, the outcomes are moved to the capacity unit by the co ntrol unit and afterward it is send to the yield unit for showing results. 1. 4. 6 Control Unit: - It controls every single other unit in the PC - The control unit teaches the information unit, where to store the information in the wake of getting it from the client and how to yield. It controls the progression of information and instructions:(fetching of guidelines from principle memory and resulting execution of these directions) 1. 4. 7 Central Processing Unit: The ALU and the CU of a PC framework are mutually known as the focal preparing unit. You may call CPU as the mind of any PC framework. †A PC may have CPU-IC, for example, Intel 8085, 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core and AMD and so forth 1. 5 Summary: